Michael Moore: An Influential Filmmaker Essay -- Cinema

Michael Moore, an Academy Award-winning filmmaker is known for his highly controversial documentaries. He appeals to the newer generation, trying to educate people along with addressing our unresolved social issues in the United States. He gives incite to corrupt things that our government is involved in that citizens do not know more or less if they do not read or watch the news. Michael Moore proved to be a big-time influence through his work in the movie industry. His main message is to get people to stop following their government blindly, but rather speak out, ask questions, get involved, and most of all(prenominal) shows peoples power to be able change what needs to be changed. He proves being patriotic means taking responsibility and being informed about whats happening in the media and all of Michael Moores films give the audience this.Time magazine named Michael Moore one of the Worlds 100 most important people. Through his Oscar and Emmy awards, he proves even a po werless author and producer with nothing more than a pen and a movie camera shag make a tremendous difference. His documentary Bowling for Columbine reiterated that by a determination and persistence that not only him, but patriots can produce change. He interviewed some of the surviving victims of the Columbine shootings along with Charlton Heston, the NRA president. He shows the gruesome effect of allowing guns and bullets to be so easily accessible. Kmart was his main destination and he took it upon himself by going right to the top of a major corporate food chain. The documentary was about how he was able to get them to stop selling bullets completely. acquire Kmart to stop selling bullets doesnt mean that youre going to prevent kids from going somewhere ... ...n in public, which many people are not dauntless enough to do, and for that many respect him. Michael Moore proves that one man can make a difference. He is a great example of exercising our right to issue s peech and questioning the government. If something doesnt seem right he is a spokesperson for finding out the truth. Michael was a small town boy who grew up to become one of the most influential documentary film makers of our time. Works CitedBowling For Columbine. Dir. Michael Moore. 2002.Fahrenheit 911. Dir. Michael Moore. 2004.Penn, Sean. Time.com. 18 April 2005. 8 demonstrate 2012 .Sicko. Dir. Michael Moore. 2007.The Oprah Winfrey Show. Michael Moores Sicko. 1 January 2006. 8 March 2012 .

Bilingual Education in Public Schools Essay -- Bilingual Language Educ

Bilingual Education in Public SchoolsFor the past thirty years in the State of calcium, bilingual education has been undertaken by altogether the public schools of the postulate. Under such system, children of non-American ethnic have had a special treatment in their early academic career. Children of minority groups have been thought mingled subjects in their native tongues. Such subjects are Math, History and some Science classes. The bilingual program presented the student a scholastic curriculum that simultaneously instructed students in all the required classes while teaching them the side language. For such method, bilingual teachers were the focal point for the success of individual students of any class level.Prior to Proposition 227, Californias programs for immigrant students included English as a Second Language, in which students were taught the English language for part of the day, and bilingual education, in which students took classes taught in their native tongues until their English improved.The bilingual educational system was legally first introduced by Governor R. Reagan in 1967. Reagan as Governor of California signed a bill eliminating the states English-only commandmental mandate and allowing bilingual education.Proposition 227, that has reformed the thirty year old bill, has taken affect on June 2, 1998. The proposition introduces a virgin way of teaching the English language to immigrant children. Such proposition is also called English for the Children or simply the Unz initiative after its author and chief monetary backer, Ron K. Unz, a Silicon Valley millionaire and conservative Republican who has no children or background in education and has never set foot in a bilingual education class. The Unz initiative calls for one year of courses taught in English, with an emphasis on learning the language a system that many fear is a return to a past when children were sometimes punished for speaking Spanish, but that others say is a return to sanity stated Don Terry in his article Bilingual Education Facing Toughest Test. In addition, one of the more controversial points of he plan involves a waiver system whereby parents who prefer native-language instruction for their children can request that the children be removed from the English-immersion classes. The request will be granted if they can find parents of twenty of more chil... ...achers thought I mouth Spanish. I found the English language somewhat easy to learn, moreover, I have to thank many of the English-speaking friends that I made back past to teach me the slang and spent time with me outside school. Mathematics and Economics were easy for me, I can say with confidence that I had one of the highest grades in comparison to my English-speaking classmates. The main problems that I had were the communication skills, both writing and speaking English proved to be the greatest challenge for me during that year. My need to progress with others drove my incentive to higher-up the language, within the first two years many of my friends were surprised how well my English was. Despite the foreign accent, they had all concord that my English was very efficient.As an overall, I appreciate the year spent in High School learning the language, I believe that all impudent immigrant student should attend such classes. They have made a very positive impact in my life. In conclusion, I believe that all races should master the English language as quick as possible, for it is the essence of social integration that can lead to one success or failure of the American Dream.

International Relations of Asia Essay -- Cold War Triangle Foreign Aff

International Relations of AsiaSTRATEGIC GEOMETRYThis is the only region in the world where so many combinations andpermutations of two- three and four- and even two plus four or three plus three-power games can be played on the regional chessboard with all their complexitiesand variations.introductionThe concept of strategical geometry comprises the notion that that theinteractions and interconnections between a number of governmental actors within aparticular system of world-wide relations, either global or regional can beseen in terms of geometric patterns of strategic configurations. It can be acase of frank geometry, in which A interacts with B but in a more complexsystem such as that of Asia, with the presence of more than one major actor,each with their distinct, sometimes scraping political agendas, theinteraction between A and B depart be likely to affect C or influenced by C.The concept of an international system itself implies that events arenot random, and units within the system are interrelated in some patterned way.This patterning maybe envisaged or conceptualized as patterns of strategicgeometry.Any attempt to analyze the transition from a Cold War system ofinternational relations to a come in Cold War one, will incorporate an analysis ofthe general nature of the system itself, in this case the system ofinternational relations in Asia of the actors involved and their respectiveroles how changes in the political environment and in specific policies of theactors shape the evolution of a unsanded system and finally the nature of the newsystem with its own actors, their new roles, and new concerns.The concept of strategic geometry enables us to understand thesechanges in the political dynamics from one system to another, in our case thetransition from the Cold War to the post Cold War era, by serving as an analytictool. If we conniption the international relations of Asia, more and the interactionsof the main actors in terms of strategic configurations and geometric patternsof alignments and oppositions, then we can assess changes in the politicalsystem over time by way of the changes in the strategic geometry. Some strategicconfigurations change, others hang on the same, while new patterns of strategicgeometry appear, as the old forms dissolve--the e... ... emerging will be permanent. Accordingto Mandlebaum, we have not seen the end of their rivalry. On the other hand,is the view that neither country has much the other needs, with both lookingtowards Japan and America for capital. Economics is the name of the game in EastAsia, and Russia looks like a minor league player to Chinese, coupled with adeep level of cultural suspicion.On the other hand, the most crucial of the Cold War triangles, theRussia-US-China triangle seems to hold relatively little significance. However,two political games of today, might still substantiate the existence of thistriangle 1.the crux of Chinese analysis-- that there is an inherent conflictbetween Moscow and Washington, on matters of aid and weapons build down whichwill provide openings for its own diplomacy 2. the weapons issue-- the US fearsChinas success in skimming convulse of weapons experts from Russia. The latter isa very Cold War type of concern the issue of military strength, which continuesto interlock the three major military powers.In lineament to the US-Japan-Russia triangle, the Japan-Russia part ofthe triangle still remains quite undeveloped.

Life Of Charles Dickens :: essays research papers

The Life of Charles DickensCharles Dickens was on of the literary geniuses of the 19th century. Dickens was the first main stream writer to reach discover to the semiliterate class. He did much to make sure his writings were avaliable to the middle class. He published in series(p) novels on a monthly bases. One cozen (one twentieth of a pount) would buy you the next installmenrt to your novell. In a time when novels were almost thirty times as much as one of these serial novels, it put reading within the reach of the middle class, thus highly popularizing charles dickens works. By the popularity of his work he was able to afford a lower-ranking middle class life, which was what he always desired.Charles Dickens did not begin his life as a humble middle class child. In fact it was quite the oppisite. He was natural in Portsmouth, England in 1812. He was the second child of lavatory and Elizabeth Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the navy blue pay office, In 1817 Charlews g ot the first taste of the life he would so strongly desire latter in his life. His family moved to Chatham a small port protest in England. Charles enjoyed all the comforts of a humble middle class life. Fresh country air, decent schooling, and books to read on sunny afternoons. It was a short idyll, John Dickens money supply was lacking. He was recalled to London and forced to put his family of 6 in a small, smelly, bleak house in the ugly suburban area of Camden town. Then in 1824 a event that shaped Charles Dickens views on the world occurred. His family increasingly needing of money, sent there second born child to work in a Warrens Blackening milling machinery . He worked beside ragged urchins, where paserbys could see him working through the window. The factory was a foul rat infested palace next to the Thames river. Charles was then abandoned by his parents, John Dickens was arrested for debt, and moved himself and his family into the Marshalsea prison, exceppt for charles who was forced to survive on his own on the streets of London. A place where only have the children raised on them would survive to adulthood. Charles proved to be quite adept at surving for a few months when his father was released thanks to an inheritance, but much to Charles dissappointment his mother forced him to remain at the blackening factory.

Why Most Convicted Criminals are Young, Male and Working-Class :: Free Essay Writer

Why Most Convicted Criminals are Young, Male and Working-Class Official offense statistics show that young, working-class males commit most crime. The following are just about reasons that I can think of to explain these generalisations. Young ===== I think young plenty commit crime as they are out of the jump on group when their parents closely supervise them. Their curfews may have been extended and parents tend to give them a bit more space, privacy and freedom. They are no seven-day treated as children but are denied the same rights and responsibilities as adults. This can make them feel deprived of status in society and suffer from what sociologists speak status frustration. This simply means that they are frustrated their lack of independent status in society. They are also at the stage when their friends are an alpha part of their (social) life. They want to impress their mates as well as searching for thrills and status among the peer gr oup. Their peer group provides them some support on things to do with school and family and therefore become of great significance. The majority of young people lack responsibilities that include having children, keeping a job and financial demands such(prenominal) as rent or mortgage. The lacking of responsibilities such as these as well as looking for thrills among the peers can often glide young people in the direction of deviant acts that sometimes collide with the law. They might give up these criminal careers, as they grow older due to things such as marriage, parenthood, buying and looking after a home of their own etc. Another reason for why young people engage in crime could be due to the fact that their parents and teachers can no longer control their behaviour. Some sort of breakdown of behaviour control at home and at school may have occurred. These are the only explanations I can find for why a lot of criminals are young. Their offences u sually involve superficial things like shoplifting, under-age drinking and are usually peer group related.

Why Most Convicted Criminals are Young, Male and Working-Class :: Free Essay Writer

Why Most Convicted Criminals be Young, Male and Working-Class Official crime statistics show that young, low-class males order most crime. The following are some reasons that I can think of to explain these generalisations. Young ===== I think young people commit crime as they are out of the age group when their parents closely supervise them. Their curfews may have been extended and parents tend to give them a round more space, privacy and freedom. They are no longer treated as children but are denied the same rights and responsibilities as adults. This can make them feel deprive of status in society and suffer from what sociologists call status frustration. This simply means that they are frustrated their lack of independent status in society. They are also at the stage when their friends are an important part of their (social) life. They want to impress their mates as well as searching for thrills and status among the fellow group. Their peer group provides them some support on things to do with school and family and therefore become of great significance. The majority of young people lack responsibilities that allow in having children, keeping a job and financial demands such as rent or mortgage. The lacking of responsibilities such as these as well as look for thrills among the peers can often glide young people in the direction of deviant acts that sometimes collide with the law. They might give up these criminal careers, as they grow older due to things such as marriage, parenthood, buying and looking after a home of their own etc. Another reason for wherefore young people engage in crime could be due to the fact that their parents and teachers can no longer control their behaviour. Some sort of division of behaviour control at home and at school may have occurred. These are the only explanations I can find for why a lot of criminals are young. Their offences usually involve trivi al things like shoplifting, under-age drinking and are usually peer group related.

BTEC Subsidiary Diploma in H&SC Essay

Vocational Context labor 1 (P1)Imagine that you ar a searcher for a local radio station and you give been asked to put together a piece on looked later children and raw race. occupation 2 (P2,M1 M2, D1)Imagine you are a little parent and have recently moved into a new area with your deuce one-year-old children, next separation from your partner who was drinking and abusive. You are worried about the behaviour of your children and are concerned about them being looked after. You carry out research to recall out the support available in your local area and decide to organise the info into a resource pack you can refer to substantially if necessary.Task 3 (P3)Produce a written document which would identify and explain different factors that would lead to the skepticism of child misuse and abuseTask 4 (P4 & D2)You are a support assistant and two of the children give you cause for concern that they may be experiencing some insult or abuse. You assure it boosterful to expla in the factors that could lead to the suspicion of child maltreatment or abuse in your report.Task 5 (P5 & M3) condone the strategies and methods that can be employ to support children, young bulk and their families where abuse is suspected or confirmed. Ensure you explain how these strategies/methods help children and their families. (P5) mensurate strategies and methods that are used and how they minimise the harm to children, young people and their families where abuse is confirmed. You carry to also assess why some strategies are more effective than some others and explain your reasons. (M3)The BriefTask 1 (P1) call for out some independent research and use a report to outline why children and young people may command to be looked after away from their families.Looked after children following the imposition of a care order by the court with the agreement of their parentsPotential reasons family related, eg following a bereavement/ going of a parent, parental illness or in capacity (hospitalisation, mental ill health, substance misuse) suspected or actual maltreatment child or young person related, eg health problems, behavioural problems, learning difficulties, disability, as a result of committing an offenceTask 2 (P2, M1, M2, D1)Outlines the arrangements for providing quality care for looked after children and young people (P2) Discuss how policies and procedures help children, young people and their families whilst the child is being looked after (M1) add to the notes to discuss the role of policies and procedures in more detail Explains the roles and responsibilities of two members of the childrens workforce in relation to looked after children and young people (M2) Evaluate the formula of care provision for children and young people (D1) in order to valuate the quality of the provision for looked after children research the role of regulators and use inspection reports for local permitrs to evaluate provision in the local area by examine the strengths and weaknesses and use the comparison to explain your judgement.Legislation/legal framework relevant to home country relevant sections from, eg United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 1989, any Child Matters (ECM) 2003, The Children Act 1989, 2004, The Human Rights Act 1998, The Data Protection Act 1998, Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Parents 2000, Common Assessment Framework (England) other relevant local policiesCare available foster care respite care residential childcare adoption planning for care in union with the child or young person, their parents, and other agencies, eg fostering agencies the paramountcy principleOrganisation of care provision home country governments responsible for overall social care, health and education for children and young people local authority services, eg Local Authority Childrens Services (England), Health and Social Service Trusts (Northern Ireland) third sector organisations, eg Barnados, NSPCC, British Association for Adoption and Fostering private providers, eg private nurseries Type of services universal (provided to all children and young people) specialist (to meet the needs of a finical group, eg looked after children, children who are disabled) targeted (towards certain groups of children or young people to prevent endangerment eg of harm, or offending)Job roles commissioning, directing and managing services, eg Directors of Childrens Services directly functionalwith children and young people, eg volunteers, social workers, health visitors, nursing assistants, youth workers, tutors, educational psychologists, play workers, foster parents Regulation of care provision regulation of those working with children and young people, eg CRB checks regulation of services provided for children and families, eg Ofsted regulatory bodies, eg General T for each oneing Council for England, General Social Care CouncilTask 3 (P3)Write a report explaining the differ ent factors that would lead to the suspicion of child abuse, giving examples and explanations.Types of maltreatment abuse (physical, emotional, intellectual, sexual) neglect bullying and harassment Risk of maltreatment within family outside family in care setting strangers Wider factors suggesting risk of maltreatment dysfunctional family relationships child or young person acting out abuse, eg animal abuse family history link to abuse poor or impaired parenting skills lack of attachment risk of exploitation, eg from visual, written and electronic forms of communication and media substance abuse in householdTheories of maltreatment medical, sociological, psychological, feminist Issues cultural, eg changing brass instrument of the family, social disadvantage, different concepts of discipline, cultural VariationsTask 4 (P4 & D2)Explain the appropriate responses when child maltreatment or abuse is suspected.(P4) In your written statement unfreeze your responses where child maltreatme nt or abuse is suspected or confirmed (D2)Procedures where maltreatment is considered, suspected, confirmed or excluded policies of the setting implementing safe working practices whistleblowing reporting arrangements shelter of records sequence of events leading to registration on child protection register or care proceedings Roles and responsibilities following the policies andprocedures of setting observation responsibility for law-abiding children and families and their interaction recognising maltreatment indicators how to respond if maltreatment is suspected what action to take following disclosure, maintaining confidentiality according to policies of the settingResponding to direct or indirect disclosure auditory modality carefully and attentively communicating at the child/ young persons stimulate pace and without undue pressure taking the child/young person seriously reassuring and supporting the child/young person providing unconditional acceptance boundaries of confid entiality promptly following the correct procedures of the setting how to deal with own feelings and emotionsTask 5 (P5 & M3)Explain the strategies and methods that can be used to support children, young people and their families where abuse is suspected or confirmed. Ensure you explain how these strategies/methods help children and their families. (P5) Assess strategies and methods that are used and how they minimise the harm to children, young people and their families where abuse is confirmed. You need to also assess why some strategies are more effective than others and explain your reasons. (M3)Strategies with children/young people respectful, child-centred approach providing active support empowering children and young people support assertiveness and self- confidence, self-esteem and resilience sharing information and not keeping secrets giving children information according to their age, needs and abilities, eg how to respect their bodies and keep safe preventing the transmi ssion of disease Strategies for working with parents and families developing supportive confederacy relationships with parents and families, involving parents in the assessment of childrens needs helping parents to recognise the value and significance of their contributions, encouraging the development of parenting skillsSupport for children/young people who disclose provide access to professional support demonstrating unconditional acceptance of the child/young person empowering children and young people to take control of their situation awareness of the authority impact on the child/young person and other family members,counteracting possible stereotypingMinimising the effects of abuse encourage expression of feelings within acceptable boundaries improving self-image structure self-esteem and confidence, eg play therapy, counselling role of voluntary organisationsGrading Criteria.EvidenceWhat you have to doP1Outline why children and young people may need to be looked after awa y from their familiesReportReportYou go away need to consider a range of reasons why children and young people might need to be looked after away from their families and include both short and long term solutions. Please remember to look at UK sources only.Discuss the role policies and procedures, legislations and frameworks have M1Discuss how policies and procedures help children, young people and their families whilst the child is being looked afterP2Outline the arrangements for providing quality care for looked after children and young people brochureBookletBookletPublic library and newspapers provide useful information. Make notes to outline the arrangements for providing quality of care for children andyoung peopleIn particular, focus on two individuals who you think will be most helpful if your children were to become looked afterIn order to judge the quality of care provision for looked after children research the roles of regulators and use inspection reports for local prov iders to evaluate provision in the local area by comparing their strengths and weaknesses and use the comparison to explain your judgement M2Explain the roles and responsibilities of twomembers of the childrens workforce in relation to looked after children and young peopleD1Evaluate the regulation of care provision for looked after children and young peopleP3Explain the factors that would lead to suspicion of child maltreatment or abuseWrittenReview what has been observed about the children to explain your suspicions that abuse has taken nonplus. examine the possible type of maltreatment as evidenced from your observations of the children review the possible risks of maltreatment for each child including wider factors relevant to each of them, potential consequences of any maltreatment as explained by theories of maltreatment and other relevant issues. You might find it useful to put together a short pen portrait of each child to identify key features relating to the children bef ore you start this taskP4Explain appropriate responses when child maltreatment or abuse is suspectedReportYou will need to explain all the appropriate responses and order of events, initially from you as a class room assistant and then how you would reportand document your suspicions of this maltreatment D2Justify responses where child maltreatment or abuse is suspected or confirmed, referring to current legislation and policiesReportThis is your opportunity to link the responses to the policies and procedures that are in place and how they comply with current legislationP5Explain the strategies and methods that can be used to support children, young people and their families where abuse is suspected or confirmed. Report here(predicate) you will need to provide an explanation of a range of strategies and methods that might be used to support children and their families where abuse is suspected or confirmed M3Assess strategies and methods used to minimise the harm to children, young people and their families where abuse is confirmed.ReportOnce you have identified the strategies, you will need to assess them and consider strengths and weaknesses as they will not all be suitable for every situation

Joseph Stalin and First Five-Year Plan Essay

AbstractThe historical scope of this research essay focuses on the methods undertaken by Joseph Stalin in industrializing the Soviet Union through with(p) his commencement Five-Year send off. Thus, the main read/write head arising throughout this essay is the following To What Extent Were Joseph Stalins rules In Employing The First Five-Year conception (1928-1932) Effective In Achieving His Original industrial Aims? In order to be able to analyze such contr e genuinelyplacesial topic, the essay first addresses how Stalin approached the idea for economic growth, mainly by employing three methods centralized, directive supplying, utilization of political propaganda campaigns, and a focus on strong manufacture. The payoffs of industrial enterp commencement are and so analyzed and compared to the originally proposed objectives. Much of the research conducted was ground on primary sources of examine as well as secondary sources that most accurately depicted the situation of the Soviet Union at the time and its arm through the specified time period of the Stalin administration.Analysis of such documents was also required in order to correctly deduce the credibility and validity of the grounds presented in order to be able to tail end the conclusions on the information. Lastly, the use of historians interpretations was use in order to substantiate claims or cater helpful ersatz viewpoints. This research essay thus concluded that, although he did managed to expand enormously investment in industry and force the nation out of its backward, agrarian convey, Stalin did non achieve comprehensive industrialization for the Soviet Union. Essentially, the deep bureaucratization of the economy, in concert with the occurrence features of the Soviet policy, promoted a combination of contradictory forces originating from bureaucratic self-interests and impulsive political pull up stakes.This would prevent the emergence of the right mix of factors that w ould assure the normal functioning of the economy.Table of ContentsAbstract 2 Abbreviations and Glossary 4 Introduction - 5 Stalins Realization for industrialization1. Explaining the Five-Year Plan (1928 1932) -7 Analysis of Soviet Model of Industrialization under Stalin1. Stalin and aboriginalized Directive Planning 9 2. Stalin and Political Propaganda Campaigns - 10 3. Stalin and Focus on Heavy Industry - 13 Results of First Five-Year Plan1. Development of Overall Industrial Sector -10 Conclusion -17 Notes - Bibliography 19Abbreviations and Glossary1.2. Central Committee Soviet communistic Party supreme body, elected atParty Congress.3. Gosbank Gosudarstvenny bank SSSR (USSR State Bank) Soviet Union central bank and the plainly bank in the entire USSR from the 1930s until 1987.4. Gosplan Gosudarstvenniy Komitet po Planirovaniyu (State Planning Committee) committee responsible for economic planning in the Soviet Union. One of its main duties was the world of Five-Year Plans .5. Gossnab State Supplies of the USSR the state committee for material technical supply in the Soviet Union. Primarily responsible for the allocation of producer goods to enterprises, a critical state function in the absence of markets.6. Gulag Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei (main camp administration) eventually in charge of Soviet concentration camps.7. Mensheviks Minority faction of the RSDLP, founded in 19038. NEP New Economic insurance policy (1921-1929) introduced by Lenin.9. Pravda the semiofficial bleakspaper of the commie PartyIntroductionIn October 1928, Joseph Stalin(1) executed the First Five-Year Plan (piatiletka) in order to strengthen the economy of the Soviet Union and accelerate its rate of industrialization. Part of a series of nationwide, centralized exercises in rapid economic development, the First Five-Year Plan would become the basis for hereafter overall industrial outturn and development of heavy industries (manufacturing and military goods).(A) Since the co nclusion of the First Five-Year Plan, however, numerous accounts have surfaced either praising or criticizing Stalins example of economic growth (depending on the interpreters predilection of results) in relation to the Soviet Unions future development. Although modern historians, includingEvan Mawdsley(2) and Robert Gellately(3), debate over the extent of Stalins success in achieving the original aims of the First Five-Year Plan, the majority of them will agree that he did accomplish a significant and essential en large in industrial growth that would at last elevate the Soviet Union as a world class power.(E) Nevertheless, due to the unreliability of primary resources originating from Soviet archives and recurring debates among historians, some difficulties continue to exist in accurately defining the extent of Stalins success and whether his methods were applicable in employing the First Five-Year Plan most effectively. Advocates of Marxism-Leninism assert that the coercive a nd abrasive methodology in achieving major industrialization was the most appropriate and necessary in both the economic and social modernisation of the USSR as well as indispensable for its survival in the face of capitalistic enemies. However, Non-Soviet rednesss, from Mensheviks to Herbert Marcuse(4), criticize this approach for its long-term detrimental effects on the economy and working class, as well as the profound mark on the Soviet cultural life and standard of living.(F) Therefore, a critical trial of the diverse range of historical interpretations and analyses concerning this controversial subject should thus be conducted, making the topic of Soviet industrialization worthy of investigation.This research paper, in hostility of the limited availability of Soviet primary sources and their dubious credibility, will thus attempt to answer the following question To What Extent Were Joseph Stalins Methods In Employing The First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) Effective In Achiev ing His Original Industrial Aims? In this way, valuable insight into historians methods in incorporating evidence to support their claims and constructing their arguments based on such evidence will be take a shited. In order to maintain clarity and focus, this research paper will essentially discuss industrialization and will thus hustle around two themes First, the Soviet model of industrial advancement was non comprehensive and its achievements can only by attri justed and limited to certain sectors. Second, the methods employed by Stalin to achieve industrialization and economic modernization were fallible and precluded complete achievement of the proposed goals.Stalins Realization for IndustrializationExplaining the First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932)It is important to first gain an understanding of what Josef Stalins First Five-Year Plan entailed and what he aimed to accomplish in the industrial sectors by the end of the five year period. The latter approach will enable a qual ified analysis examining how the results of the plan compared to the originally established objectives, thus, providing the necessary perspective in evaluating Stalins methods for economic reformation. In October 1928, Stalin incorporated the Soviet blueprint for the institution of socialism in the First Five-Year Plan, representing the first attempt by a major power to transform all aspects of economy and society. This natural Soviet strategy focused principally on establishing a heavy industrial sector to expedite the growth of manufactured products and armaments as well as reconstructing the agricultural sector on a new technical foundation.(G) This would create a self-dependent USSR in toll of military and industry and, more importantly, propagate the collectivistic doctrines throughout the nation.Overall, the plan would mainly impact the industrial and agricultural sectors, provided it was also set to transform the social and cultural aspects of the Soviet populace. The ai ms were to surpass capitalisms per capita output to make greater technological advancements employ a radical transformation of agriculture through the employment of machinery and modern techniques to give anteriority to heavy industry, rather than consumer goods produce the infrastructure of a modern, efficient state raise the standard of living, providing people access to better education, health care, and welfare and to honorable the country against foreign invaders.(H) However, this research essay will narrow the scope of Stalins Five-Year Plan objectives by focusing on the industrial aspects of the plan. Quantitatively, in ground of industry, the projected growth for overall industrial outturn was to increase by 250% and heavy industry by 330%.(I) The extent to which this economic feat of modernization was pat was a matter often discussed and disputed inside the Communist Party.Sergo Ordzhonikidze, the commissar of heavy industry, admitted the challenge to be formidable co nsidering the agrarian, industrially-backward state of the USSR. Stalin himself admitted in his 1933 speech on the results of the First Five-Year Plan that the restoration and development of heavy industry, particularly in such a backward and poor country as USSR was at the start-off of the five-yearplan period, was an extremely difficult task.(K) Their justification in making such statements probably was that heavy industry requires both the enormous financial expenditure and the creative activity of experienced technical forces (both of which the Soviets could not afford or did not have), without which, generally speaking, the restoration of heavy industry is im assertable. Certainly, with Stalins steep demand in industrial development, the Five-Year Plan appeared barely achievable. Historian Evan Mawdsley correctly points out how the two major policies stipulated in the plan were extremely demanding and in the long run proved to be unattainable. It is probable he based such obs ervation on several factors including unavailable seed capital because of spheric reaction to Communist policies, little international trade, and virtually no modern infrastructure. Essentially, Stalins proposition of the First Five-Year Plan seemed unviable and unsustainable, but it is for this same reason that it is necessary to evaluate how Stalin achieved his goals and to what extent.Analyzing the Soviet Model of Industrialization under Stalin Stalin and Centralized Directive PlanningPerhaps one of the clearest distinctions in Stalins methods of Soviet industrialization was that it was not based on private enterprise, but that it was totally state-driven and was largely based on centralized directive planning.(J) Most effective, argues Evan Mawdsley, was the system of economic administration that was based on the party leadership, Gosplan, the ministerial system, the provender of heavy industry (Narkomtiazhprom), and the supervisory role of the Central Committee. In contrast to Lenins NEP, the First Five-Year Plan represented this new systems bm towards establishing central planning as the basis of economic decision-making and the stress on rapid heavy industrialization.This economic mechanism displayed particular strengths at periods when the political objectives of the politics demanded a rapid breakthrough in some branches of the national economy or during the emergency of war. However, Evan Mawdsley further argues against other historians that referring to the Soviet economy as a planned economy would be mis prima(p), especially for the initial period of Soviet industrialization.(M) First of all, Stalinist planning did not make for the balanced growth of industry, or consider investment rates versusconsumption rates. Historian Andy Blunden makes a similar argument in which he proposes that the Stalin economic model of development was not based on the Marxist concept of planned economy, but rather (to some extent) on a bureaucratic centralist-comma nd economy.(N) Combining both historical interpretations, it thus follows to deduce that what the system did provide was a means of rigid prioritization, concentrating production in key areas of the Soviet economy (heavy industry), but at the same time moderate the expansion and diversification of the economic sector as a result of stringent political issues.Thus, Alex Chubarov, a professor at Coventry University in England, makes a rather true statement about the overly centralized planning system in the Soviet Union It did not always work in practice. Stalins policies to tighten work discipline often worsened economic output instead of promoting production. Because of the stringent political climate that permitted few people to provide negative input or criticize the plan, Soviet planners had very little reliable feedback which they could use to sink the success of their plans.(O) Thus, economic planning was often done based on faulty or outdated information, especially in sect ors with a large clientele. As a result, certain goods, especially consumer goods, tended to be underproduced, leading to shortages, while some goods such as manufactured goods, armaments, etc. were overproduced and put in storage. Furthermore, factories took to inflating their production figures due to the severe punishment of failure and the poor reference of products inhibited their use.(P) Stalin and Political Propaganda CampaignsThe next important distinction was that Stalins industrialization was greatly politicized. Industrialization as a process usually accompanies the movement towards modernization in any country. However, in the Soviet Union, the achievement of industrialization was greatly a result of political influences, mainly the power of carefully stage-managed propaganda campaigns. These political campaigns ultimately focused on socialist industrialization as the essential and indispensable step in building the material foundations of socialism, a theme constantly used by Stalin in several of his popular appearances. The Stalinist political regime and the inflation of ideological principles for the rapid economic growth to prevent hindrance in the global competition would thus prove to be perhaps one ofthe most necessary components of the economic success. During the late 1920s, the need for rapid industrialization arose from the question of whether Soviet Russia could provide the needs to support socialism in a country that was industrially underdeveloped and agriculturally backward. Thus, as reiterated constantly by Stalin in his public speeches, socialist industrialization was the key element in instituting the material basis for socialism in the Soviet Union as well as ensuring its success. In November 19, 1928, Stalin delivered a speech warning the populace about the vulnerability of socialism to the capitalist nations, and the survival of the ideology through industrial fronts Soviets have arrestn and travel byped the advanced capit alist countries by establishing a new political system. That is good. But that is not enough.To secure the final victory of Socialism in our country, we must also overtake and outstrip these countries technically and economically. If we do not do this, we shall find ourselves forced to the wall. (B) In this excerpt from his 1928 speech, Stalin instilled fear in the population about imminent attacks from the capitalists if the USSR did not overtake and outstrip the Western nations through technical and economic means. However, this method of conveying war panic through the manipulation of the catch up and overtake (dognat i peregnat) theme was used as justification to dissolve Lenins New Economic Policy and attain populist appeal to adopt major industrialization. Robert Gellately, the Earl calamus Beck Professor of History at Florida State University, argues that Stalin inflated a war scare inspired by Anglo-French imperialism that came up in 1927, one he advisedly exaggerated to d rive home the point that the USSR was vulnerable to the hostile West.(N) He denotes how Stalin used the elimination of diplomatic relations by Britain in May and the front man of political friction with France, Poland, Romania to the west and Japan to the east accordingly in his demand to industrialize the country as rapidly as possible, to focus on heavy industry, and to drop the NEP in favor of a more Communistic five-year plan. (D) Based on Gellatelys observation, it would follow that Stalin could then make the argument that it was all-important(a) to the health and security of the Soviets that the Party take this change of course, facilitating popular support for the Five-Year Plan. (C) Stalin was not the only communist to take the threat seriously, and the crisis had animportant influence on the decision to industrialize. But of those nations, Romania was the only threat to ever develop. More important, however, was a subsequent war scare in his speech to industrial managers on February 1931 (during the pinnacle of the enthusiasm for the Five-Year Plan), when Stalin proclaimed To reduce the tempo, means to fall behind. Those who fall behind get beatenWe are fifty or a hundred long time behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall be crushed. (C) Ten years later, in 1941, Adolf Hitler commences military mobilization for Operation Barbarossa to invade the Soviet Union.But to see the German invasion as proper justification for Stalins rapid industrialization solely from the perspective of the 1941 invasion would be misleading. During 1931, Germany was suffering deep economic turmoil from the Great Depression and Hitler was still a fringe politician, so it was no real danger to the USSR. Germanys army had also been limited to 100,000 soldiers, without tanks or aircraft. Historian Mawdsley also identifies the elaborate propaganda machine, coupled with upward mobility and popular nationalism at cri tical periods, as successful in winning support for the architectural plan of industrialization.(M) However, unlike Gellately, he proposes that the acceleration of industrialization as a result of tentative attacks may have been justified. Industrialization came from the Soviets general mistrust of the outside world which, in turn, had root both in the Russian tradition and in the Communists recognition of the outside world. Russias rulers had promoted industry for military opposition and defense as well as to assure the countrys power status. In part, Stalin and the Communist Party proselytized the ideology of capitalist encirclement and the real memories of invasion from European powers and Japan during World state of war I and the Russian Civil War. Stalins Method and Heavy IndustryFinally, the doctrine of socialist industrialization put great emphasis on massive expansion of heavy industry, particularly the means of production, as a necessary first step on the way to the tec hnological restructuring of the entire economy. Only after a massive surge in heavy industrial capacity had been achieved would it be possible to embark on a more balanced economic strategy, including the development of consumer-oriented light industry. As a result of a whole number of factors, the Soviet industrialization would beconfined, for the most part, to the one-sided priority development of heavy industry. Aside from receiving special attention from the planning the economic system of administration, industrial production was relatively easy to plan even without minute feedback, which led to significant growth in that sector. Consequently, industrial production was disproportionately higher in the Soviet Union than in Western economies, with production of consumer goods also being proportionately higher.However, one of the most eminent Marxist scholars in the world of economics, Maurice Dobbs, points out the problems of Soviet economic planning and explains the fallible e conomic logic behind the Soviet way of industrialization with investment priority for heavy industries. First of all, the rate of investment or the average savings ratio in an economy will be rather static, largely pertinacious within fairly narrow limits by past history and past decisions. Therefore, focus should be given to distribution of investment because it may essentially determine the future output and consumption in a major way. Dobbs argues that it may in fact be more important than the overall rate of investment.(Q) Dobbs seems to base his argument on the theory of factor proportions, a doctrine of comparative costs in terms of marginal productivity, which states that those factors of production that are relatively luxuriant have a low marginal productivity and hence a low price and conversely with factors that are relatively exactly. Consequently, those forms of production that use relatively more of the abundant factors and economize on the scarce ones would have the lowest expenditures. He argues that in a country like Russia with plentiful labor and scarce capital, relatively labor-using techniques are most economical (rather than capital-expensive ones). It is thus more beneficial and appropriate for the applications on handicrafts and light industries rather than heavy industries, where there is a large expenditure of fixed capital (plant and equipment).(R)Results of the First Five-Year PlanDevelopment of Overall Industrial SectorAfter having analyzed Joseph Stalins methods in employing the First Five-Year Plan, it is then necessary evaluate their impact on the proceeding industrialization results. First of all, by directing and focusinginvestments on heavy industry and not consumer goods, it was possible to attain industrialization over a relatively short period. The industrialization enabled the Soviet Union to mass-produce aircraft, trucks, cars, tractors, combine harvesters, synthetic rubber, and different types of equipment designed pr imarily for the expansion of heavy industry and military might. In the years of the great leap industrial production grew at an average annual rate of 10 to 16 percent, displaying the remarkable dynamism and seemingly boundless potential of the new economic system. Table 1-1 shows the specific advancements made in heavy industries as a result of concentrating in such sector, thus, illustrating Stalins accomplishment of his aforementioned goal of focusing in heavy industry. Table 1-1 Russian Industrial Growth under Stalin. 1928 1932 Prescribed Target Percentage IncreasePig Iron (million tons) 3.3 6.2 8.0 87.8%Coal (million tons) 35.4 64.0 68.0 80.8%Steel (million tons) 4.0 5.9 8.3 47.5%Oil (million tons) 11.7 21.4 19.0 82.9%Electricity (mill. kWhs) 5.0 13.4 17.0 168%However, it is important to evaluate these results and compare them with the larger global context. Table 1-1 shows significant growth for heavy industries in the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1932 despite only achieving the confirming target in one of the five areas of production. Nevertheless, these results were relatively small compared to Western standards and were accomplished at a great kind-hearted cost. Furthermore, reported Soviet aggregate output figures were too high, not least by failing to take into account of the rising prices. Thus, Stalins aforementioned methods of industrialization did indeed make advancements in heavy industrial output but did not accomplish his previous goal of the catch up and overtake slogan considering that the Soviet Union still lagged behind Western capitalist nations in terms of economic power. In terms of manufacturing infrastructure and technological advancements, a colossal industrial complex and city were constructed at Nizhni Novgorod on the Volga with the help of the Austin keep company (a large American firm), which was designed to produce over 100,000 vehicles per year. Other American companies were also involvedin building tractor plan ts in Kharkov, Stalingrad and Chelyabinsk.Among the other spectacular projects was the anatomical structure of the steel complex at Magnitogorsk, a brand-new city built from the ground up. (S) The colossal project of Magnitogorsk was one prime example of the sixty or more towns created out of nothing during the First Five-Year Plan. Through the accelerated pace of industrialization employed in the Five-Year Plan, the Soviet Union began producing all the machinery and manufacturing plants necessary to tag on heavy industrialization. Major works included the Moscow, Nizhni-Novgorod, and Gorky automobile plants, the Urals and Kramatorsk heavy machinery plants, the Dnieprostroi hydro-electric project, the mammoth steel plants at Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk, and the network of machine shops and chemical plants in the Urals. Entirely new branches of industry were developed, such as aviation, plastics, and synthetic rubber. The plan constituted an important milestone in the process of the socioeconomic transformation of Russia. At the end of the Five-Year Plan in 1932, Stalin stated that the First Five-Year Plan had been achieved ahead of time.However, the extent to which it was achieved was vague and unclear, with newspapers only allowed to report outstanding achievements of the Soviet Union advance toward socialism and local state agencies prohibited from publishing any economic data other than the official figures given by Gosplan. Based on the figures in Table 1-1, Stalin declared that the Five-Year Plan for industrial development had been fulfilled by 93.7% in only four years, while development for heavy industry was achieved by 108%. But considering the levels of prank and figure inflation, it is hard to determine how accurate these figures are and to what extent the statements of success can be trusted. Certainly, it was not surprising that the plan did not achieve its prescribed goals of 250% projected growth for overall industrial production and 330% proje cted growth in heavy industry.ConclusionEssentially, the coercive and abrasive methods of industrialization employed by Stalin during his First Five-Year Plan were admittedly successful when viewed from a holistic perspective. However, it cannot be acknowledged that the plan and how it was particularly executed was comprehensive in achieving its originally proposed objectives of economic development and that themethods applied were completely effective and appropriate for the Soviet Union. Overall, this essay explicitly raises the question of exactly what constituted the achievements of the Soviet industrial system as a whole, and whether, in fact, the Stalin model of industrialization was ultimately the most effective solution based on its particular approach. First of all, there were several consequences of the over-centralization and very high level of state power reflected in the economic policy of the USSR.The planning system established targets emphasizing quantity at the expe nse of quality, with the particular system of reward and punishment distorting output reports and encouraging storming (last-minute attempts to achieve targets) and hoarding, i.e. waste, of raw materials. This system of economy was responsive to a small number of customers but inherently inflexible for it could not change to rising demands. Furthermore, due to the stringent political climate that drove the command, bureaucratic economy and encouraged severe output inflation among factories, the extent to which the industrialization results are credible is still unknown. Secondly, the incorporation of the Stalinist political regime into the promotion of economic success would prove to be effective yet also damaging. The elaborate propaganda campaigns set out by Stalin and the injection of popular nationalism at critical periods, won popular support for the program of industrialization. Furthermore, there was a particular kind of motivation present in the enthusiastic officials to est ablish the pace of industrialization.Now, whether such enthusiasm was felt by the Communist Party as much as Stalin is still under question. However, the darker side of the system was that the pace of industrialization could only be accomplished at the human cost and real sacrifices. Lastly, the urban economy was kept static and investment exclusive to heavy industry at the expense of consumer-oriented production. Certainly, the prominence of military production in the economy can be potentially beneficial, but at the same time imminently harmful. Paul Kennedy would later disclose an analysis of the rise and fall of great powers that applied especially to the Soviet Union in which he warned that iftoo large a proportion of the states resources is diverted from wealth creation and allocated instead to military purposes, then that is likely to lead to a weakening of national power over the longer term. (T) The bulky investments in producer-goods industries ledto acute shortages of l abor, capital, and material in other crucial sectors. Factories did not meet their expected targets and would provide quantity at the cost of quality. quite of producing the projected 2,000 tractors by September 1930, the Stalingrad tractor factory produced only forty-three, which began to fall apart after seventy-two hours of operation.Thus, the deep bureaucratization of the economy, in concert with the particular features of the Soviet policy, produced a combination of contradictory forces originating from bureaucratic self-interests and impulsive political will. This would prevent the emergence of the right mix of factors that would assure the normal functioning of the economy. Completely new branches of industry were built and massive manufacturing plants were undertaken, certainly contributing to the notion of the USSR as an emerging industrial power. However, this new power was endowed with fallible features the inherent tendency to produce harmful imbalances, the blatant ign orance to consumer goods, production of quantity at the expense of quality, ineffective economic administrative system, etc. Essentially, Stalin did not achieve comprehensive industrialization for the USSR, but he did force the nation to advance from its backward, agrarian state and into a momentum towards economic growth and industrial development.Notes1. Joseph Stalin (18 December 1878 5 March 1953) innate(p) Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhughashvili. In office as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 3 April 1922 16 October 1952 and Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. 2. Evan Mawdsley Professor of International History in the Department of History, University of Glasgow. His previous publications include The Russian Civil War (1983/2008), The Soviet selected from Lenin to Gorbachev The Central Committee and its Members, 19171991 (with Stephen White, 2000), The Stalin Years The Soviet Union, 19291953 (2003) and Thunder in the East T he Nazi-Soviet War, 19411945 (2005). 3. Robert Gellately Newfoundland-born Canadian academic who is one of the leading historians of modern Europe, particularly during World War II and the Cold War era. He is presently Earl Ray Beck Professor of History at Florida State University and was the Bertelsmann Visiting Professor of Twentieth-Century Jewish Politics and

Today’s Education System

An Essay on the Present Education SystemWe live otherwise in the 21st century. This century is extremely connected with engineering promotion, high mobility, globalisation, and coevals Z. Generation Z or iGeneration is a name used for the cohort of people born(p) from the early 2000s to the present twenty-four hours. This coevals has some different features with its predating coevals, leting us to implement different attack in teaching.Our Education System TodayI will push back down with the job of our current instruction system. The biggest job is, it did non actuate childs. Millions of childs do non cognize any purposing of traveling to school, except duty. When we went to school we were indoctrinated by scenario work hard, rewarded did good, ingest a college, and eventually you will adapt a occupation. But in the hereafter, it is non guarantee any longer, non if the path to it marginalises what you think of import about yourself. Furthermore, confronting the unpredictable s cotch fortunes.This current system was designed and conceived for a different age Victorians, between 18th and nineteenth century. It was arranged in the rational civilization of the enlightenment and in the economic fortunes of the industrial revolution. The rational theoretical look of the caput stated that the existent intelligence consist of capacity of deductive logical thinking and information of the classics, what we germ to believe as academic ability. It divides people to academic and non academic, smart people and non-smart people. In effects, many superb people think that they argon non.In this system, these childs be medicated. They are forced to withdraw any distraction such as games, iphones, telecasting, and concentrate to the deadening material at school. Students start losing their involvement, barely believe heterosexual, and losing their attending wholly. In category, they are given the theory and required to memorise it, without cognizing the relevant of th at context in existent universe. That is why pupils still disengaged.It becomes more wonderful with quantitative standardized proving. They merely know they oblige to analyze and go through the criterion. Education is modeled based on the involvement of industrialisation and in the image of it. Schools are organised on mill lines and pupils are its manufactured merchandises. The Victorians produce instruction which remake us photocopy of each other. How make you be submissive, how do you sit patiently be disengaged for approximately two hours and take it. The humanistic disciplines are the victims of this outlook.The humanistic disciplines, particularly address the thought of aesthetic experience, when senses are runing at their extremum. When we collaring about the exhilaration of these things with our experiencing, when we are to the full alive. While anesthetic is experience which shut your senses off and dampen yourself to what is go oning. We are acquiring our kids educate by anesthetizing them. The deductions are easy to be described. These childs merely give replies based on what their instructor said. They are afraid to see things from different positions, lose their particular accomplishment, and really bad foretelling what will do them happy.The New Model of SchoolPlaning new theoretical account of instruction demands coaction of pupils, instructors, schools, and authorities. Lets start with basic inquiry, what single out of end product that we truly want from instruction system? I ever imagine if schools can be topographic point where pupils can come excitingly, full of autonomous cognition, so much more passion and information about they want to make. It is the existent acquisition procedure, they learn something when they have ground to adopt it.First, we should waking them up to what is inside of themselves If we are interested in the theoretical account of acquisition, we should non get down from production line outlook. We have to alter ou r dash from conformity-standardised testing and course of study to divergent thought. Divergent thought is an indispensable capacity for creativity-the procedure of holding original thoughts that have value. It is ability to see tonss of come-at-able replies to a inquiry, tonss of ways to construe a inquiry, and to believe laterally, non merely in additive or convergent ways. We might non judge this topic is superior and this is non. We pick up them how to believe their ego involvement, appreciate it, and facilitate that. It besides important to alter the civilization of our establishments that dainty academic pupils as the potencies merchandise and non-academic pupils as the remainders.Second, we have to cut back the disengaged concatenation between school and the world. We must revised our end mark oriented become geographic expedition oriented. Students are non teached how to reply inquiries on the test, still how one job in the existent word can be connected and answered by theory they learned in the category. They must non coerce to bury their favorite games or telecasting channels, provided we lead unite them with instruction. The point is, we do non restrict their imaginativeness. They may come with alone inquiries or even unanswerable, but it is the manner they can get down believing critically.Students will understand how their school linked to their life, and they used to see things from scientific discipline position.Third, concentrating on the practice comprehension and critical accomplishment. Actually, it based on Indonesia status. Trends in International Mathematics and Science ( TIMSS ) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study ( PIRLS ) appraisal revealed that the rendition ability of Indonesian kids is low. Whereas, reading ability is the fundamental of scientific discipline acquisition. Why it can go on? One of the ground is, we do non hold reading comprehension course of study, we merely have linguistic communication cour se of study. I besides have merely learned that reading to dread is by doing note beside the of import paragraph and rewrite it on our ain words through essay, non the multiple pick. The multiple choice-we used to utilize, is non stimulate pupils to love literacy and read, doing the broad-minded is non formed. Finally, they do non cognize how to work out a problem-things they will confront in world.As I said earlier, this instruction reform besides postulate teacher coaction. We know, sometimes teacher treats their pupils as how they were treated by their instructor. It is wholly different. Today coevals is immune from such stiff school and strict regulations are non effectual any longer. Teachers have to cognize how to do them travel to school voluntarily and to the full motivated. The schoolroom has to be designed to supply adequate countless for bettering pupils imaginativeness and geographic expedition. However, instructors are the executor of course of study in the category . Go through state with the best instruction system, Finland, instructors there are good educate and trained. Better instruction system need better human resource to present it.Finally, what I hope to be in the new theoretical account of school and high school for twenty-first century are the pupils that full of larning enthusiasm and the instructors that focuses on geographic expedition instead than how to fix pupils go throughing the test. I want reading-writing civilization and wonder colored the school. I do non desire modern establishment dumped critical thought merely because there is non any line of reasoning facilitator. Education is non knowledge transportation that remake pupils as a design of their instructor. Students must hold ability to transform the cognition, so the concluding end of instruction to set out coevalss who can reply the epoch menace can be achieved. As the Malcolm Forbes quotes Education s intent to replace an empty head with an unfastened one

Philosophy of Benedict Spinoza Essay

If one were to make a list of iconoclastic and al-Qaida thinkers, Benedict de de Spinoza would rank high. His great and enduring work, Ethics, continues to have renewed impact, currently among environmentalists and ecologically minded thinkers. Spinoza wrote numerous philosophical, political, and religious criticism industrial plant. His efforts systematically express a mind set in favor of religious tolerance and in opposition to traditional religious orthodoxy.In his two major(ip) works, Tractatus Thologico-Politicus and Ethics present interpretations of spiritual concepts that continue to offend some religious believers and provide an avenue of belief for those who aver traditional religion. Born in capital of The Netherlands on November 24, 1632 in a jewish community and died in The Hague on February 20, 1677 at the age of 44. Latinized his given name Baruch(blessed) using the form Benedictus. Spinoza lived an externally simple life as a lens grinder, turning down rewards and honors by means ofout his life, including prestigious teaching positions.The family inheritance he gave to his sister. On 27 July 1656, the Talmud Torah convention of Amsterdam issued a writ of cherem (Jew)/Herem(Hebrew), a kind of ban, shunning, ostracism, expulsion, or excommunication against the 23 year old Spinoza. Amsterdam and Rotterdam operated as important cosmopolitan centers where merchandiser ships from many parts of the world brought people of various customs and beliefs. Some possibility of free thought and shelter from the crushing hand of ecclesiastical authority. nearly significantly, he came into contact with so-called free-thinking Protestants dissenters from the dominant Calvinism who maintained a lively interest in a wide range of theological issues, as well as in the latest developments in philosophy and science. In order to discuss their interests, these free-thinkers organized themselves into small groups, they called colleges, which met on a regular basi s. Spinoza may have attended such meetings as early as the first-class honours degree half of the 1650? s, and it is most likely here that he received his first exposure to Cartesian thought.His intellectual horizons were expanding and he was experiencing a restlessness that drove him to look further afield. It was at this time that he placed himself under the bursting charge of an ex-Jesuit, Latinist,a medical doctor, Franciscus Van den Enden, who was notorious for his allegedly irreligious cast of mind, a passionate advocate of democratic political ideals. Spinozas progressively unorthodox views and, perhaps, laxity in his observance of the Jewish law strained his relations with the community. Tensions became so great that resulted in his excommunication .Most Important worksa) Ethica ordine geometrico ground (simply, Ethics) b)Tractatus Theologico-politicus c)Brief Treatise on God, Man and His Happiness d)Tractaus de intellectus emendation e)Cogitata metaphysica Philosophy A . Against dualism God is the infinite, necessarily existing (that is, uncaused), unique aggregate of the universe. There is only one substance in the universe it is God and everything else that is, is in God. Spinoza believed God exists and contends that Deus sive Natura (God or Nature) is a being of infinitely many attributes, is abstract and impersonal.As a youth he first subscribed to Descartess dualistic belief that body and mind are two separate substances, but afterward changed his view and asserted that they were not separate, the universal substance consists of both body and mind, that it is a single identity thither being no difference amongst these aspects. He contended that everything that exists in Nature (i. e. , everything in the Universe) is one Reality (substance) and there is only one set of rules governing the whole of the reality which surrounds us and of which we are part.Spinoza believes that 1)a God that does not rule over the universe by providence, but a God which itself is the deterministic system of which everything in nature is a part. 2)God would be the natural world and have no personality. 3)To see God or Nature as acting for the sake of endsto find purpose in Natureis to misconstrue Nature and turn it upside down by putting the effect (the end result) before the true cause. 4)Nor does God perform miracles, since there are no departures whatsoever from the necessary course of nature.The belief in miracles is due only to ignorance of the true causes of phenomena. If a stone has fallen from a dwell onto someones head and killed him, they will show, in the following way, that the stone fell in order to kill the man. For if it did not fall to that end, God unstrained it, how could so many circumstances have concurred by chance (for often many circumstances do concur at once)? Perhaps you will serve up that it feeled because the wind was blowing hard and the man was walk of life that way.But they will persist why was the wind blowing hard at that time? why was the man walking that way at that time? If you answer again that the wind arose then because on the preceding day, while the weather was still calm, the sea began to toss, and that the man had been invited by a friend, they will press onfor there is no end to the questions which can be asked but why was the sea tossing? why was the man invited at just that time?And so they will not stop asking for the causes of causes until you take refuge in the will of God, i.e. , the sanctuary of ignorance. (I, Appendix) B. Humane vision Everything moldiness necessarily happen the way that it does. Therefore, humans have no free will. They believe, however, that their will is free Spinoza was a thoroughgoing determinist who held that absolutely everything that happens occurs through the operation of necessity. For him, even human behaviour is fully determined, with freedom being our capacity to know we are determined and to understand why we act as we do.So free dom is not the possibility to say no to what happens to us but the possibility to say yes and fully understand why things should necessarily happen that way. This illusionary perception of freedom stems from our human consciousness, experience and our indifference to prior natural causes. Humans think they are free but they ? dream with their eyeball open?. For Spinoza, our actions are guided entirely by natural momentums. This picture of Spinozas determinism is ever more illuminated through reading this famed quote in Ethics ?the infant believes that it is by free will that it seeks the breast the angry boy believes that by free will he wishes avenging the timid man thinks it is with free will he seeks flight the drunkard believes that by a free command of his mind he speaks the things which when sober he wishes he had left unsaid. All believe that they speak by a free command of the mind, whilst, in truth, they have no power to restrain the impulse which they have to speak. T hus for Spinoza morality and ethical judgment like choice is predicated on an illusion. c. Politcal Philosophy Every man may think what he likes,and say what he thinks. The real disturber of peace are those who, in a free state, seek to curtail the liberty of judgement which they are unable to dictate over. Spinozas reputation as a political thinker is eclipsed by his reputation as a rationalist metaphysician. Nevertheless, Spinoza was a astute political theorist whose writings have enduring significance.In his two political treatises,has its main purpose the defense of free expression, Spinoza advances a number of forceful and original arguments in defense of democratic governance, freedom of thought and expression, and the subordination of religion to the state. On the basis of his naturalistic metaphysics, Spinoza similarly offers trenchant criticisms of ordinary conceptions of right and duty. And his account of civil organization, grounded in psychological realism, stands as an important contribution to the development of constitutionalism and the rule of law.There is also textual evidence for the view that Spinoza does not reject other forms of government in favor of democracy. One of the central aims of A Political Treatise is precisely to demonstrate how different forms of governments can meet the fundamental political value of stability. For example, Spinoza explains that, historically, monarchies have enjoyed the most stability of any form of government (PT VI317), and that their dominance instability results from the divergent interests between the sovereign and the citizens.In light of this, Spinoza advises the sovereign to act in his or her own interests which is to act in the interests of the citizens. In the case of aristocracy, instability is said to result from inequality of political power among the ruling aristocrats, the remedy for which consists of equalizing such power as far as possible. Spinozas considered thoughts on the stability of democracy were interrupted by his untimely death, but while he thought it most consistent with freedom, he moreover regarded it as the most unstable of all political forms.Indeed, Spinoza comments that democracies naturally evolve into aristocracies, and aristocracies naturally evolve into monarchies. At least on one judgement of natural, democracies may be interpreted as less natural than aristocracies and monarchies (PT VIII 351). To understand ends, sources, and justification of political authority, one does well to begin with the Conatus Principle and the associated psychological axioms employed by Spinoza. The source of problems for Spinozas political theory, specifically the moral notions of contract, rights, and obligations can also be traced to his view of human nature.

John Lock’Es View on Innate Knowledge Essay

John Locke, a renowned English philosopher in the seventeenth century, argued against the pre-existing prevalent belief of infixed acquaintance, much(prenominal) as those led by Descartes. Many of Lockes arguments begin with criticisms on philosophers opinion on innate acquaintance, nonably Descartes. Therefore, many of Lockes arguments argon direct re moreovertals of Descartes and other philosophers beliefs about the existence of innate knowledge. To arrive at the conclusion that innate knowledge is impossible, Locke comes with various premises and rebuttals that add weight to his arguments.First, Locke emphasizes that knowledge and ideas atomic number 18 learned through experience, not innately. He argues that peoples minds at birth are blank slate that is later filled through experience. Here, the senses play an important role because the knowledge of some truths, as Locke confesses, is very in the mind but in a way that shows them not to be innate. By this, Locke argues th at some ideas are actually in the mind from an early age but these ideas are furnished by the senses starting in the womb.For example, the color coloured and theblueness of something is not that which is learned innately but is some is learned through exposures to a blue object or thing. So if we do have a comprehensive understanding of blueness, it is because we are exposed to blue objects ever since we were young. The blue sky is what many would acquaint with blue easily and at a young age. Second, Locke argues that people have no innate principles. Locke contended that innate principles rely upon innate ideas within people but such innate ideas do not exist. He says this on the basis that in that location is no universal consent that every unrivaled agrees upon.Locke quotes that There is nothing more commonly taken for granted that there are certain principles universally agreed upon by all mankind, but there are none to which all mankind take in a universal assent. This arg ues against the very foundation of the idea of innate knowledge because principles that garner universal assent are thought to be cognise innately, simply because it is the best explanation available. However, it cannot even be an explanation for such belief because no universal consent exists. Rationalists argue that there are in factsome principles that are universally agreed upon, such as the principle of identity. But it is far-fetched to claim that everyone knows this principle of identity because for the least, children and idiots, the less-intelligent ones are not introduce with it. There are several objections to these premises and arguments that are outlined above. The argument by Locke that there are some ideas that are in the mind at an early age gives credence to argument for the innate ideas. For ideas to be furnished by the senses later on there has to be ideas that are laid as foundations.If such ideas are innate, as acknowledged by Locke, no matter how trivial or le ss significant these ideas may be as one may argue, such claim could give weight to the idea of innate knowledge. Innate knowledge or ideas, after all, doesnt imply that all ideas are innate because as one can see, there are things that we learn through our experiences and encounters in life as well. So as long as there is even the basic principle that is innate early in life, then innate knowledge can be known to exist. The validity idler the claim that there is no universal consent is also questionable.Locke argues that no principle that all mankind agrees upon exists because there are those who are not introduce with such principle, notably children and idiots. However, the terms children and idiots are somewhat misguided. How are children and especially the idiots categorized? Is there a specific criteria used for those who are classified as idiots? It is hard to generalize that idiots or those who are deemed less intelligent are not acquainted with certain principles because a t times, intelligence is not the best indication of someones knowledge or ideas.There are many intelligent people out there who take their status for granted and do not think, contemplate or make an effort to their best extent. The objections that are made against the initial arguments can be defended in certain ways. Regarding the objection that since there are innate ideas in the mind at an early age, innate knowledge exists, the term innate should be thought of again in greater detail. Innate knowledge has to be significant enough for us to recount to be considered such. Thus, there comes a risk with considering the ideas within our minds early on as innate.For example, the knowledge of our hands and feet maybe imbedded to us at a very early stage. The knowledge of using our hands and feet are not so significant. The knowledge that we gain through our use of hands and feet could be vital knowledge that we may recount throughout. Throwing a baseball properly under a heaps instru ctions is an example. Also, there is the claim that intelligence cannot be the sole indicator of ones acquisition of universal consent and that there isnt a clear distinction of those who can understand universal principles to those who cannot.However, the important focus here should not be on defining idiots and intelligence but on that universal consent is hard to be assembled by every single mankind. Therefore, more should be considered than just innate knowledge that could garner universal consent. Empirical principles that are derived from experience could garner universal assent too. For example, the fear of dying or getting seriously injured could mean that people would not jump out the roof from tall buildings. And this belief could be universal among all.

The Badge of Shame

Woman, it is thy badge of shame . Governor Bellingham was describing the scarlet letter to Hester while they were discussing if the punishments that Hester had to go through were adequate becoming for the crime. Hester was living in the outskirts of the city in a small abandoned cottage for several years with the only thing that had both monetary care for in her life, her child and the product of committing adultery, pearl. She and her little Pearl were shunned from the community for her acts.In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester is punished in more than one way, and she is sufficient to deal with it openly so the community will, over era, forgive her. The most obvious subject of punishment that Hester had to cope with is wearing the scarlet letter. By the contingent which drew all eyes and, as it were, transfigured the wearer was the scarlet letter, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom. Hester wrought the scarlet letter before she stood o n the scaffold. When Pearl asks her why she wears the letter she replies that she wears it for its gold thread.Hester wears the letter for many years, even after the muckle in the community care anymore, so that she will be in full forgiven for her sin. In the beginning of the story, Hester is faced with serving the temporary part of her sentence, standing on the scaffold in front of the whole town. It was a circumstance to be noted, on the summer morning when our story begins its course, that the women of whom there were several in the crowd, appeared to take a peculiar interest in whatever penal botheration might be expected to ensue.The citizens of the town had gathered to criticize Hester as she stood on the scaffold, and many of the town s women were discussing the simplicity of Hester s sentence, since the plebeian punishment for committing adultery is the death penalty. Although she had to put up with the remarks about her for three hours while she was standing on the sca ffold, the ridicule followed for many years to come. Hester and her daughter were archetype upon as sinners long after Hester had served her sentence. Hester was not accepted by the community because of her sins.She was forced to live in an abandoned cottage on the edge of the city. Hester Prynne, therefore, did not flee. On the outskirts of town, within the verge of the peninsula, but not in close vicinity to any other habitation, there was a small thatched cottage. It had been built by an earlier settler, and abandoned because the soil about it was too sterile for cultivation.. .. Hester and her little Pearl not only lived in the little cottage, they spent most of their time there, only going into town for important things like food and supplies.The community basically shunned Hester and Pearl from the town and made it clear to them that they were not wanted within the city. Hester went through a lot of punishment for her sins. She was able to deal with it openly, like wearing the scarlet letter and standing on the scaffold, and some she dealt with without showing any remorse. She was brave to live on the edge of the city and not to flee to another city or even another country. She also kept things inside, like the father of her child and her husband that seemingly deserted her. Overall, she is a brave soul and in some ways, is a role model to the rest of the people in the community.

Describe How DNA Has Enhanced Law Enforcement

desoxyribonucleic acid has emerged as a remarkable abomination fighting tool. DNA has the potential to be the best offensive solving tool of the 21st century. DNA has been very decisive in solving some of the nations most serious crimes. DNA psychoanalysis is a very sizeable tool, because each persons DNA is unique in most cases. DNA evidence collected from a crime scene bottom implicate or eliminate a suspect. It shag also analyze unknown remains through comparisons with DNA from someones relative. Previously, unsolvable cases, more often homicides and sexual assaults, mountain contain DNA evidence that will help identify the criminal, even though the victim cant.When evidence from one crime scene is compared through the federal DNA database with evidence from another crime scene those crimes can be linked to the same person locally, statewide, and nationally. Also, plants and animals hold DNA, as well. Newer DNA analysis techniques can yield results from biological evidence thats invisible to an officer. DNA analysis methods also can be able to help in the identification of missing persons. DNA can be obtained from naughtily degraded samples, as well.This has enhanced law enforcement tremendously. Without DNA evidence, most people would never be convicted (DNAs touch base to Corrections, n. . ). DNA will continue to advance. Some anticipated advances are broader implementation of the CODIS database, increased automated research laboratory procedures, use of computerized analysis, portable devices capable of DNA analysis and remote links to databases and other criminal jurist information services (DNA Evidence,n. d. ). Reference DNA Evidence What Law Enforcement Should Know. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 From http//www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles/jr000249c. pdj. DNAs Link to Corretcions. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 from http//www. crimescene- Investigations. earnings/NIJ-DNALinkCorretcion. pdf.

The Constructionist Perspective of Obesity

Abstract In this typography I bequeath explore the friendly construction of fleshiness and how it formed into a social riddle. Recent and growing media attention adjoin fleshiness in the United States, the so-called corpulency epizootic remains a highly debated scientific and social fact. This paper examines the contemporary corpulency debate through and through systematic examination of the claims and claim-makers involved in the controversy.I will not take stances, only merely show and clearly explain each locations views on the obesity epidemic. Social Construction of Global Warming . Social Construction Process Creating a social difficulty using the social constructionist approach requires an earshot who believes that there is in fact a problem before that topic is considered a social problem. There is a process to creating a social problem starting with claims, claims-making, audiences and claims competitions.Regardless of whether claims atomic number 18 verbal, visual, or behavioral, they argon the social problems work of claims- makers who want to convince audiences how to think roughly social problems and how to feel about these problems. (Lose,2009) In this paper I will discuss the process n which obesity is viewed as an epidemic so therefore is a social problem. We need to ask ourselves, who atomic number 18 the people making this claim, who are they trying to target, and are they being successful? In opposite terminology is the targeted audience being persuaded in the belief obesity is an epidemic?In this process I will compare and contrast two arguments dealing with obesity. One set of views is obesity is a problem of somebodys making bad choices and on the other hand there is a belief the feed industry has change magnitude portion sizes and markets un healthy feed options with high fat, calories etc. So that obesity is undersas welld as more(prenominal) than than Just an individual issue. The sub argument is how should treatment is administered. Do healthcare professionals target individuals and teach them a healthy lifestyle or do you target the forage industry to make changes in their products? II.Claim-maker of corpulency The healthcare industry finds the obesity epidemic of great interest due to the strong connection amongst obesity and obesity related health side effectuate. Many studies have been done to monitor the plus of obesity with in United States. Adult obesity rates increased in 16 says in the past year and did not decline in any state, according to F as in Fat How Obesity Threatens Americas Future 2011, a report from the Trust for Americas Health (TFH) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (ROWS). xii states now have obesity rates above 30 percent.Four years ago, only one state was above 30 percent. (F as in, 2011) As a result of these findings augments among health care professionals were imbed focusing on the cause of obesity. One chemical group of healthcare professio nals believes the problem is an individual persons poor finale making which bakshiss to obesity. If a person is making bad hoicks in their eating habits and does not utilisation thus that person will eventually become obese. The other set of professionals would argue it is not in individual choice, only if their surroundings in which they live in.Food companies are targeting their consumers with ads and their increased potion sizes so therefore more and more people are becoming obese. Both sides of the argument believe there is connection mingled with obesity and obesity related health side effects. Each side has different beliefs on how to combat the obesity epidemic. One side of the house is focused on curing obesity while the other side focuses on prevention. A. Individual Problem Claim-makers who feel obesity is an individual problem use individualism as their targeted moralities.There is a belief system that people embrace individualism, autonomy, and responsibility for their actions. The belief in the importance of individuals license to choose the types of food they consume and to have a more active lifestyle is embraced by intimately people. It is estimated that the leading cause of death in the United States is caused by lifestyle such(prenominal) as smoking, diet, exercise and sexual practices. (Adler & Stewart, 2009) Since studies have shown lifestyle is a cause f obesity, medical professionals using the medical representative focus on the individual patient for a cure.They not only focus on lifestyles but genetics and family history. To them behavioral choices and therapy is the main target for intervention. Obesity is more than calories in verses calories out. There are other factors that go into this problem. More and more research is indicating that Americas obesity crisis cannot be blamed entirely on too much fast food and too little exercise. Genetics plays a factor into which people are becoming obese. There are natural and synthet ic chemicals known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (Deeds), or as searchers have begun to call them, obsesses.Obsesses are chemicals that disrupt the function of hormonal systems many researchers believe they lead to weight put one crossways and, in turn, numerous diseases that curse the American populace. (Perrine & Warlock, 2010) Other hormone disorders come into effect such at thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary glands, ovaries which can also contribute to obesity. In many cases of weight loss concern requires a balance of behavioral and medical intervention. This balance is created through the guidance of a physician.Another factor in the rise of obesity is parents of young children who have poor dating habits raise children who are obese. Todays children are the first-class honours degree generation of Americans projected to have a shorter life span than their parents -? with one out of three at risk of developing Type Two diabetes, a crippling disease once seen only in a dults. (Stone, 2006) Parents instill healthy lifestyles in their children. They do this through family democracies, and beliefs and attitudes in eating and forcible activity.The significant associations between household, parent, and child variables offer a glimpse into the potential processes at work prior to a childs term as obese. For instance, measuring of general parenting and parent attitudes to-ward child eating and nutrition were meaningfully related to the kinds of foods gettable in the home and to childrens activities, both potential risk factors for childhood overweight, Gable & Lutz, (2000) Childrens roles in their own physical health and well-being cannot be discounted howalways, it is the parent who instill these values into their children.B. cosmos Health The public health model differs from the medical model not only in its emphasis on prevention but also in its consideration of a wider range of causative factors. (Adler Stewart, 2009) These factors focus is ma inly on the food industry. Their believe system is the food industry exploits people by targeting pass up income families and their environment. They do this through marketing, advertisements. Public health approaches in solving obesity does acknowledge health education, they approach the problem through legislative and regulatory means.Examples are nutrition standards for school lunch programs bans on sugar-sweetened beverages in schools vending machines requirements for developers of residential subdivisions to include bicycle paths, side flings, and position and zoning regulations for fast-food outlets. This group is using the moralities of equality of opportunity and equality under the law. Although obesity affects all demographics in the United States, some healthcare professional would argue obesity is target. Racial and ethnical minority adults, and those with less education or who make less money continue to have the highest overall obesity rates (F as in, 2011) Publishe d finding have reveal companies who produce products such as sodas, candies and alcoholic beverages target minorities verses the general audience. These advertisements are found on billboards in communities in predominantly African American and Hispanic. The advertisements are also seen in commercials and magazines that target African American and Hispanic audiences.The environment in which people live directly affects people food choices. Lewis and colleagues (2005) also identified substantially more point-of-sale advertising and promotion of unhealthful foods in restaurants in low-income African American and Latino communities than in more affluent white communities in Los Angels County. (Yankee, Cole, Brown, Williams, Hillier, Kline, Ashes & Beckman, 2009) Opportunities for physical activity, in low income neighborhoods are very low.Parks and walk able areas are scarce. Perceptions of resource quality, safety, and cultural relevance also affect physical activity levels. query a s concluded safety and quality factors in traffic fatalities, crime rates and park size effect obesity rates because counter to predictions, subpopulations generally considered vulnerable to obesity (and environmental injustices more generally) are more likely to live in willable neighborhoods and have better walking access to neighborhood parks than other groups.However, crime is highest in willable neighborhoods with large Latino and African-American populations and parks are smaller in areas populated by Latino/as. Given the higher prevalence of obesity and related diseases in lower income and minority populations the results suggest that benefits of built environments may be offset by social characteristics Ill. Audiences The target audience for awareness of the obesity as a social problem targets every U. S. Citizen. Obesity is becoming a worldwide problem however the United States in the lead globally ranking the highest rates of obesity.Mainly the focuses is on physicians, nu rses, dieticians/Darts, nutritionists, fitness professionals, health educators, public health professionals, social workers, psychologists, physical harpists, occupational therapists, teachers, administrators and school counselors. The other side tries to appeal to lawyers, food companies, and political representatives. These groups of people have the tools to promote change. IV. Power Relationships As the obesity epidemic continues to intensify, its becoming clear that theres more to obesity than lifestyle choices.Therefore, endocrinologists carefully examine the genetic and physiological causes and effects of obesity and develop treatment options that can produce concrete results. Endocrinologists are doctors that are facially handy to diagnose and treat diseases related to the body endocrine system which regulates appetite, metabolism (food burning and waste elimination), and reaping through chemicals known as hormones (Combating obesity, 2012) The same lawyers who competitiv eness the cigarette makers are now fighting the food companies.Dry, William Jacobs says From the days of reefer madness, that old anti- drug movie, the word addiction has conjured images of out-of-control behavior. But today, cutting edge erudition is shedding new light on addiction and its connection to chemical changes in the brain. If those changes can lead to compulsive behavior, mom scientists wonder if fatty foods and drugs Just might have more in familiar (Stone, 2006) While most consumers would say what you eat is your choice. Its a matter of personal responsibility what you eat, but some(prenominal) academics and lawyers are arguing youre far less free to choose whats on your plate than you realize.While each group is do up of professionals who are notable, it is matter of persuading the audience to which solution is correct. V. Conclusion Targeting obesity has support across the political spectrum. In the US, discussions of the supposed obesity epidemic usually take pl ace within the background of a larger concussion, which assumes that the change magnitude weight of the population is a sign of increasing moral inanition and that overweight and obesity are playing a significant role in driving up health care costs.This linkage is attractive for those who are ideologically committed to a focus on individual responsibility, rather than on structural factors that continue to drive health care costs ever upward, and leave one out of every seven Americans without health insurance of any kind. Anxieties about increasing weight resonate with those on the left of the political spectrum as well, ho tend to interpret the obesity epidemic as both a by-product and a symbol of rampant consumer overcompensation and greedy corporations. Camps, Sashay, Reemerges, Oliver, Greaser, 2005) In this paper I have shown the construction of obesity as a social problem has been made through a series of steps used in the social construction of a social problem. Claims we re made by those who feel obesity is problem of individual making bad lifestyle choices and those who feel is the food industry plays a huge role in why more people are obese today. Both groups validate obesity is an epidemic and therefore a social problem however these groups battle the way we are to combat this problem.